Missed Opportunities for Vaccination Among Children Aged 12 To 23 Months in Calabar South, Cross River State, Nigeria

Abstract

Background: Immunization coverage disparities leave many children vulnerable to vaccine-preventable diseases. The situation in urban slums in Cross River State remains undocumented. This study assessed missed opportunities for vaccination (MOV) among children aged 12–23 months in Calabar South, Cross-River State, Nigeria.

Methods: A community-based cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among children aged 12–23 months. Information was obtained from their caregivers. Data collection occurred from August to September 2023. A sample of 460 was determined using Cochran’s formula, adjusted for a 10% non-response rate and a design effect of 1.25. Data were collected using a pre-tested, semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire via Kobo Toolbox. Analysis was done using SPSS version 25.0. Descriptive statistics were presented, associations tested using Chi-square, and significant variables were pulled into a multivariate logistic regression at p < 0.05. Ethical approval was obtained (CRSMOH/RP/HREC/2023/401).

Results: There were 190(41.3%) male children and 270(58.7%) female children in the study. Among caregivers, 65 (14.1%) were males, while 395 (85.9%) were females; the majority were mothers (92.0%), aged 30–39 years (42.8%), with secondary education (61.3%). MOV prevalence was 8.0%. OPV0 was the most missed vaccine, while PENTA1 and BCG were the least. The main reason cited for MOV was the perception that the child was 'too old.'. In multivariate binary logistic regression, lower age of caregiver, and having timely vaccination reduced the likelihood of MOV.

Conclusion: Strengthening routine immunization, retraining health workers on a “no MOV” policy, and targeted caregiver education are needed to reduce MOV in Calabar South.